Emilio Aguinaldo

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For the municipality, see Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite ... Only one general, Emilio Aguinaldo, successfully launched an attack with his troops. ...
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Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy. 1869--1964. Rebel Leader of the Philippine Forces ... Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was born into the local elite of Cavite on the Island of ...
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Emilio Aguinaldo: Biography from Answers.com
Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964), revolutionary and statesman of the Philippines During the Spanish?American War , Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy consolidated a
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Emilio Aguinaldo - WikiPilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 - February 6, 1964) was a Filipino ... Gregorio Aglipay ? Emilio Aguinaldo ? Melchora Aquino ? Juan Araneta ? Andrés ...
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Emilio Aguinaldo Biography | Encyclopedia of World Biography Biography
Emilio Aguinaldo biography, including 2 pages of information on the life of Emilio Aguinaldo. ... Search Results for "Emilio Aguinaldo" Add This to Your Bibliography ...
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{{Infobox President |name = Emilio Aguinaldo |image = Gen Aguinaldo.jpg|order = 1st President of the Philippines
President of the Tejeros ConventionElected by the Tejeros Convention and inaugurated on the same day.
President of the Biyak-na-Bato RepublicElected after the establishment of the Biyak-na-Bato Republic.
Dictator of the Dictatorial GovernmentPhilippine Legislature:100 Years, Cesar Pobre
President of the Revolutionary Government
President of the 1st Philippine Republic ], 1897 ], 1901 ] |predecessor = Newly Established |successor = Manuel L. Quezon (position abolished 1901-1935)], Cavite ], Metro Manila ], Kawit, Cavite |party = Magdalo faction of the Katipunan, National Socialist Party|spouse = (1) Hilaria Aguinaldo-died
(2) Maria Agoncillo |religion = Roman Catholic, [1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Philippines general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role in Philippine independence during the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the Philippine-American War that resisted United States occupation. He eventually pledged his allegiance to the US government.

In the Philippines, Aguinaldo is considered to be the country's first and the youngest President of the Philippines, though his government failed to obtain any foreign recognition.

Early life and career The seventh of eight children of Crispulo Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy, he was born into a Filipino family on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite (now Kawit), Cavite Philippine province. His father was gobernadorcillo (town head), and, as members of the Chinese-mestizo minority, they enjoyed relative wealth and power.

As a young boy, Aguinaldo received basic education from his great-aunt and later attended the town's elementary school. In 1880, he took up his secondary course education at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, which he quit on his third year to return home instead to help his widowed mother manage their farm.

At the age of 17, Emilio was elected cabeza de barangay of Binakayan, the most progressive barrio of Cavite El Viejo. He held this position serving for his town-mates for eight years. He also engaged in inter-island shipping, travelling as far south as the Sulu Archipelago.

In 1893, the Maura Law was passed to reorganize town governments with the aim of making them more effective and autonomous, changing the designation of town head from gobernadorcillo to capitan municipal effective 1895. On January 1, 1895, Aguinaldo was elected town head, becoming the first person to hold the title of capitan municipal of Cavite El Viejo.

Family His first marriage was in 1896 with Hilaria Aguinaldo (1877-1921), and they had five children (Miguel, Carmen, Emilio Jr., Maria and Cristina). His second wife was Maria Agoncillo. Joseph Emilio Abaya is currently congressman of Cavite and the great grandson of the late Emilio Aguinaldo Vice-mayor Emilio Aguinaldo IV is also the great grandson of the late Emilio Aguinaldo

Philippine Revolution In 1895, Aguinaldo joined the Katipunan rebellion, a secret organization then led by Andrés Bonifacio, dedicated to the expulsion of the Spanish and independence of the Philippines through armed force. He joined as a lieutenant under Gen. Baldomero Aguinaldo and rose to the rank of general in a few months. 30,000 members of the Katipunan launched an attack against the Spanish colonizers in the same week. Only one general, Emilio Aguinaldo, successfully launched an attack with his troops. With the Katipunan, he helped the Philippines erupt in revolt against the Spaniards in 1896. He won major victories in Cavite, temporarily driving the Spanish out of the area. However, renewed Spanish military pressure compelled the rebels to restructure their forces in a more cohesive manner. The insulated fragmentation that had aided the Katipunan's secrecy had outlived its usefulness. In open war, unified leadership was required.

Bonifacio presided over the Tejeros Convention in Tejeros, Cavite (deep in Aguinaldo territory) to elect a revolutionary government in place of the Katipunan on March 22, 1897. Away from his power base, Bonifacio unexpectedly lost the leadership to Aguinaldo, and was elected instead to the office of Secretary of the Interior. Even this was questioned by an Aguinaldo supporter, claiming Bonifacio had not the necessary schooling for the job. Insulted, Bonifacio declared the Convention null and void, and sought to return to his power base in Rizal. Bonifacio was charged, tried and found guilty of treason (in absentia) by a Cavite military tribunal. Bonifacio was sentenced to death. He and his party were intercepted by Aguinaldo's men, with violence that left Bonifacio mortally wounded. Aguinaldo confirmed the death sentence, and the dying Bonifacio was hauled to the mountains of Maragondon in Cavite, and executed on May 10, 1897, even as Aguinaldo and his forces were retreating in the face of Spanish assault.

Biak-Bato Spanish pressure intensified, eventually forcing Aguinaldo's forces to retreat to the mountains. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was forced to sign the treaty that was Biak-Bato. Biak-Bato stated that the Spanish would give self-rule to the Philippines within 3 years if Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was exiled. He picked the noble choice, and on on December 14, 1897, he was shipped to Hong Kong. Under the pact, Aguinaldo agreed to end hostilities as well in exchange for amnesty and 800,000 pesos (filipino money) as an indemnity (dept or bribe).Aguinaldo took the money offered. Emilio Aguinaldo was President and Mariano Trias (Vice President). Other officials included Antonio Montenegro for Foreign Affairs, Isabelo Artacho for the Interior, Baldomero Aguinaldo for the Treasury, and Emiliano Riego de Dios for War.

However, thousands of other Katipuneros continued to fight the Revolution against Spain for a sovereign nation. Unlike Aguinaldo who came from a privileged background, the bulk of these fighters were peasants and workers who were not willing to settle for 'indemnities.'

In early 1898, war broke out between Spain and the United States. Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines in May 1898. He immediately resumed revolutionary activities against the Spaniards, now receiving verbal encouragement from emissaries of the United States.

Philippine-American War

On the night of February 4, 1899, a Filipino was shot by an American sentry as he crossed the Silencio Street, Sta. Mesa, Manila. This incident is considered the beginning of the Philippine-American War, and open fighting soon broke out between American troops and pro-independence Filipinos. Superior American firepower drove Filipino troops away from the city, and the Malolos government had to move from one place to another.

Aguinaldo led resistance to the Americans, then retreated to northern Luzon with the Americans on his trail. On June 2, 1899, a telegram from Aguinaldo was received by Gen. Antonio Luna, an arrogant but brilliant general and looming rival in the military hierarchy, ordering him to proceed to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija for a meeting at the Cabanatuan Church Convent. However, treachery was afoot, as Aguinaldo felt the need to rid himself of this new threat to power. Three days later (June 5), when Luna arrived, he learned Aguinaldo was not at the appointed place. As Gen. Luna was about to depart, he was shot, then stabbed to death by Aguinaldo's men. Luna was later buried in the churchyard, and Aguinaldo made no attempt to punish or even discipline Luna's murderers.

Less than two years later, after the famous Battle of Tirad Pass and the death of his last most trusted general Gregorio del Pilar, Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela, Isabela on March 23, 1901 by US General Frederick Funston, with the help of Macabebe trackers (who saw Aguinaldo as a bigger problem than the Americans). The American task force gained access to Aguinaldo's camp by pretending to be captured prisoners.

Funston later noted Aguinaldo's "dignified bearing", "excellent qualities," and "humane instincts." Of course, Funston was writing this after Aguinaldo had volunteered to swear fealty to the United States, if only his life was spared. Aguinaldo pledged allegiance to America on April 1, 1901, formally ending the First Republic and recognizing the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines. Nevertheless, many others (like Miguel Malvar and Macario Sakay) continued to resist the American occupation.

Presidency of the First Republic of the Philippines Portrait of General AguinaldoAguinaldo appointed two Prime Minister of the Philippines in his tenure. These were Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno.

Aguinaldo cabinet President Aguinaldo had two cabinets in the year 1899. Thereafter, the war situation resulted in his ruling by decree.

{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;" align="left"!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"||-|align="left"|OFFICE||align="left"|NAME||align="left"|TERM|-!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"||-|President of the Philippines || Emilio Aguinaldo || 1899–1901|-|Prime Minister of the Philippines || Apolinario Mabini ] || May 7 - November 13, 1899|-!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"||-|Minister of Finance ] || January 21 - May 7, 1899|-| || Hugo Ilagan ] || Teodoro Sandico ] || May 7 - November 13, 1899|-|Minister of War ] || January 21 - May 7, 1899|-| || Mariano Trias ] || Gracio Gonzaga ] || Apolinario Mabini ] || May 7 - November 13, 1899|-|Minister of Public Instruction ] || 1899|-|Minister of Public Works and Communications ] || 1899|-|Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce ] || May 7 - November 13, 1899

|}

U.S. Occupation During the United States occupation, Aguinaldo organized the Asociación de los Veteranos de la Revolución (Association of Veterans of the Revolution), which worked to secure pensions for its members and made arrangements for them to buy land on installment from the government.

When the American government finally allowed the Philippine flag to be displayed in 1919, Aguinaldo transformed his home in Kawit into a monument to the flag, the revolution and the declaration of Independence. His home still stands, and is known as the Aguinaldo Shrine.

Aguinaldo retired from public life for many years. In 1935, when the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in preparation for Philippine independence, he ran for president but lost by a landslide to fiery Spanish mestizo Manuel L. Quezon. The two men formally reconciled in 1941, when President Quezon moved Flag Day to June 12, to commemorate the proclamation of Philippine independence.

Aguinaldo again retired to private life, until the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in World War II. He cooperated with the Japanese, making speeches, issuing articles and infamous radio addresses in support of the Japanese — including a radio appeal to Douglas MacArthur on Corregidor to surrender in order to spare the innocence of the Filipino youth.

After the Americans retook the Philippines, Aguinaldo was arrested along with several others accused of collaboration with the Japanese. He was held in Bilibid prison for months until released by presidential amnesty. In his trial, it was eventually deemed that his collaboration with the Japanese was probably made under great duress, and he was released.

Aguinaldo lived to see independence granted to the Philippines July 4, 1946, when the United States Government marked the full restoration and recognition of Philippine sovereignty. He was 93 when President Diosdado Macapagal officially changed the date of independence from July 4 to June 12, 1898, the date Aguinaldo believed to be the true Independence Day. During the independence parade at the Luneta, the 93-year old general carried the flag he raised in Kawit.

Post-American era (phased out but still considered legal tender).In 1950, President Elpidio Quirino appointed aguinaldo as a member of the Council of State, where he served a full term. He returned to retirement soon after, dedicating his time and attention to veteran soldiers' interests and welfare.

In 1962, when the United States rejected Philippine claims for the destruction wrought by American forces in World War II, president Diosdado Macapagal changed the celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. Aguinaldo rose from his sickbed to attend the celebration of independence 64 years after he declared it.

Aguinaldo died on February 6, 1964 of coronary thrombosis at the Veterans Memorial Hospital in Quezon City. He was 94 years old. His remains are buried at the Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite, Cavite. When he died, he was the last surviving non-royal head of state to have served in the 19th century.

See also

Tejeros Convention
Philippines
Flag of the Philippines (designed by Aguinaldo)
History of the Philippines
Philippine Revolution
Katipunan
Hilaria Aguinaldo
Spanish-American War
Philippine-American War
President of the Philippines
Aguinaldo Shrine
Cesar Virata

External links

The Philippine Presidency Project
CAUTUSAN: Gobierno Revolucionario nang Filipinas A decree dated 2 January 1899 signed by Emilio Aguinaldo establishing a council of government. An online document published by Filipiniana.net
Aguinaldo: A Narrative of Filipino Ambitions Book written by American Consul Wildman of Hong Kong regarding Emilio Aguinaldo and the Filipino-American War during the early 1900's. An online publication made by Filipiniana.net
Filipinos in History - Emilio Aguinaldo

References

{{succession box | before= ''Newly Established''
Preceded by [Governor General of the Philippines-[Diego de los Ríos (''Government in Iloilo'') | years= 1898–1901 | after= Abolished
[Governor General of the Philippines (American Occupation) U.S. Military Governor-General [Wesley Merritt |-->

Emilio Aguinaldo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
General Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role in Philippine ...

Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Municipality of General Emilio Aguinaldo (formerly Bailen; Filipino: Bayan ng Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo) is a fifth class municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines.

Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy 1869--1964 Rebel Leader of the Philippine Forces Rockett, p.20. Download an uncompressed TIFF (.tif) version of this image.

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Emilio Aguinaldo - Wikimedia Commons
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